-
1 structure of the ionosphere
Макаров: структура ионосферыУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > structure of the ionosphere
-
2 структура ионосферы
-
3 структура ионосферы
1) Engineering: ionospheric structure2) Makarov: structure of the ionosphereУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > структура ионосферы
-
4 Appleton, Sir Edward Victor
[br]b. 6 September 1892 Bradford, Englandd. 21 April 1965 Edinburgh, Scotland[br]English physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the ionospheric layer, named after him, which is an efficient reflector of short radio waves, thereby making possible long-distance radio communication.[br]After early ambitions to become a professional cricketer, Appleton went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied under J.J.Thompson and Ernest Rutherford. His academic career interrupted by the First World War, he served as a captain in the Royal Engineers, carrying out investigations into the propagation and fading of radio signals. After the war he joined the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, as a demonstrator in 1920, and in 1924 he moved to King's College, London, as Wheatstone Professor of Physics.In the following decade he contributed to developments in valve oscillators (in particular, the "squegging" oscillator, which formed the basis of the first hard-valve time-base) and gained international recognition for research into electromagnetic-wave propagation. His most important contribution was to confirm the existence of a conducting ionospheric layer in the upper atmosphere capable of reflecting radio waves, which had been predicted almost simultaneously by Heaviside and Kennelly in 1902. This he did by persuading the BBC in 1924 to vary the frequency of their Bournemouth transmitter, and he then measured the signal received at Cambridge. By comparing the direct and reflected rays and the daily variation he was able to deduce that the Kennelly- Heaviside (the so-called E-layer) was at a height of about 60 miles (97 km) above the earth and that there was a further layer (the Appleton or F-layer) at about 150 miles (240 km), the latter being an efficient reflector of the shorter radio waves that penetrated the lower layers. During the period 1927–32 and aided by Hartree, he established a magneto-ionic theory to explain the existence of the ionosphere. He was instrumental in obtaining agreement for international co-operation for ionospheric and other measurements in the form of the Second Polar Year (1932–3) and, much later, the International Geophysical Year (1957–8). For all this work, which made it possible to forecast the optimum frequencies for long-distance short-wave communication as a function of the location of transmitter and receiver and of the time of day and year, in 1947 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.He returned to Cambridge as Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1939, and with M.F. Barnett he investigated the possible use of radio waves for radio-location of aircraft. In 1939 he became Secretary of the Government Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a post he held for ten years. During the Second World War he contributed to the development of both radar and the atomic bomb, and subsequently served on government committees concerned with the use of atomic energy (which led to the establishment of Harwell) and with scientific staff.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted (KCB 1941, GBE 1946). Nobel Prize for Physics 1947. FRS 1927. Vice- President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1932. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1933. Institute of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1946. Vice-Chancellor, Edinburgh University 1947. Institution of Civil Engineers Ewing Medal 1949. Royal Medallist 1950. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1962. President, British Association 1953. President, Radio Industry Council 1955–7. Légion d'honneur. LLD University of St Andrews 1947.Bibliography1925, joint paper with Barnett, Nature 115:333 (reports Appleton's studies of the ionosphere).1928, "Some notes of wireless methods of investigating the electrical structure of the upper atmosphere", Proceedings of the Physical Society 41(Part III):43. 1932, Thermionic Vacuum Tubes and Their Applications (his work on valves).1947, "The investigation and forecasting of ionospheric conditions", Journal of theInstitution of Electrical Engineers 94, Part IIIA: 186 (a review of British work on the exploration of the ionosphere).with J.F.Herd \& R.A.Watson-Watt, British patent no. 235,254 (squegging oscillator).Further ReadingWho Was Who, 1961–70 1972, VI, London: A. \& C.Black (for fuller details of honours). R.Clark, 1971, Sir Edward Appleton, Pergamon (biography).J.Jewkes, D.Sawers \& R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention.KFBiographical history of technology > Appleton, Sir Edward Victor
-
5 искажение
distortion of the structure of the magnetic field in the outer ionosphere -
6 структура
[син. строение]distortion of the structure of the magnetic field in the outer ionosphere -
7 sound
1) звук
2) звуковый
3) здоровой
4) здравый
5) обоснованный
6) звуковой
7) сопровождение звуковое
8) зонд
9) щуп
10) звучать
11) зондировать
12) прочный
13) основательный
14) клопферный
– dampen sound
– dull sound
– dye sound track
– emit sound
– fuzzy sound
– high-pitched sound
– low-pitched sound
– magnetic sound
– perceive sound
– pertaining to sound
– propagation of sound
– random sound
– record sound
– reinforce sound
– reproduce sound
– sound absorbing
– sound analyzer
– sound argument
– sound articulation
– sound atmosphere
– sound barrier
– sound channel
– sound conductivity
– sound detection
– sound detector
– sound engineer
– sound film
– sound generation
– sound insulation
– sound insulator
– sound interference
– sound level
– sound localization
– sound log
– sound logging
– sound phase
– sound pick-up
– sound power
– sound pressure
– sound ranger
– sound ranging
– sound reading
– sound recorder
– sound recording
– sound refraction
– sound reproduction
– sound room
– sound section
– sound shadow
– sound shield
– sound source
– sound stage
– sound structure
– sound studio
– sound the ionosphere
– sound track
– sound unit
– sound vibrations
– sound weld
– sound wood
– unpitched sound
– volume of sound
filmed sound recording — <phot.> фонограмма
sound level meter — измеритель силы звука, < radio> импульсмессер
См. также в других словарях:
Ionosphere — The ionosphere is a part of the upper atmosphere, comprising portions of the mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere, distinguished because it is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner … Wikipedia
ionosphere and magnetosphere — ▪ atmospheric science Introduction regions of Earth s (Earth) atmosphere in which the number of electrically charged particles ions (ion) and electrons (electron) are large enough to affect the propagation of radio waves (electromagnetic… … Universalium
Shortwave radio — Shortwave can also refer to a shortwave trough meteorology. A solid state, analog shortwave receiver Shortwave radio refers to the upper MF (medium frequency) and all of the HF (high frequency) portion of the radio spectrum, between… … Wikipedia
Polish Polar Station, Hornsund — (Polska Stacja Polarna, Hornsund) is at Isbjørnhamna in Hornsund fjord, on Spitsbergen island in the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago, operates since 1957.tationThe station was erected in July 1957 by the Polish Academy of Sciences Expedition… … Wikipedia
Kosmos (satellite) — Kosmos (Russian: Космос, IPA: [ˈkozməs], Cosmos) is a designation given to a large number of satellites operated by the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia. Kosmos 1, the first spacecraft to be given a Kosmos designation, was launched on… … Wikipedia
Schumann resonances — The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency (ELF) portion of the Earth s electromagnetic field spectrum. Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, excited by lightning discharges in the … Wikipedia
Atmosphere of Uranus — The atmosphere of Uranus, like that of Neptune, is markedly different from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. While still composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, it possesses a higher proportion of volatiles (dubbed ices )… … Wikipedia
Kennelly-Heaviside layer — The Kennelly Heaviside layer, also known as the E region or simply the Heaviside layer, is a layer of ionised gas occurring at 90 ndash;150 km above the ground mdash; one of several layers in the Earth s ionosphere. It reflects medium frequency… … Wikipedia
Copley Medal — The Copley Medal awarded to Mendeleev in 1905 … Wikipedia
History of radar — The history of radar starts with experiments by Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century that showed that radio waves were reflected by metallic objects. This possibility was suggested in James Clerk Maxwell s seminal work on electromagnetism.… … Wikipedia
Rede Lecture — The Sir Robert Rede s Lecturer is an annual appointment to give a public lecture, the Sir Robert Rede s Lecture (usually Rede Lecture) at the University of Cambridge. [See [http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=Glossary%2FRede%20Lectures] .… … Wikipedia
